Traditional use

For centuries, Sage has held a place of honour in both folk medicine and the kitchen. The Latin phrase, "Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto?", "Why should a man die while sage grows in his garden?" speaks to its reputation as a life-preserving herb. Traditionally used for brain and nervous system health, longevity, fevers, and grief, sage was often burned or smoked for asthma relief. It has long been used to reduce excessive lactation during weaning, regulate menstrual cycles, and treat hot flushes. A folk remedy recommends steeping nine sage leaves in lemon juice overnight and drinking it in the morning for a week to ease menopausal symptoms.

Clinical discussion

Sage's astringent, cooling, and drying qualities are helpful in conditions involving excess fluid production, such as salivation, hyperlactation (excess breast milk), and excessive sweating, particularly during menopausal hot flushes. Cold infusions are especially effective for these presentations.

It is traditionally used for chronic respiratory infections and asthma. It is a potent antimicrobial and toning astringent, commonly applied as a gargle or throat spray for sore throats and as a wound wash.

As a member of the Lamiaceae family, sage contains volatile oils with antimicrobial and antispasmodic properties, making it beneficial for digestive upsets. It also demonstrates antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and can be applied topically for herpetic ulcers.

Sage has long been valued for its cognitive-enhancing effects. In the 16th century, herbalist John Gerard noted it was “singularly good for the head and brain, and quickeneth the nerves and memory.” Modern research supports its role in enhancing memory and mood, with promising results in trials for Alzheimer’s disease, primarily when used alongside herbs like lemon balm and rosemary.

Cultivation/harvesting

Sage (Salvia officinalis) is a woody perennial native to the Mediterranean. Once established, it thrives in full sun and well-drained soil and tolerates dry conditions. Avoid overly rich or damp soil, which can lead to fungal issues.

• Propagation:
  Easily propagated from semi-ripe cuttings in summer or seed in spring, though cuttings are preferred for reliability.

• Maintenance:
  Trim after flowering to maintain shape and prevent the plant from becoming woody. Replace older plants every 4–5 years as vigour declines.

• Harvesting:
  Harvest leaves and flowers just before or at full bloom, ideally on a hot, dry day when essential oil levels peak. Dry in a dark, well-ventilated space and store in airtight containers.